Section: Research Program

Dynamic wide coverage lexical resources

Participants : Benoît Sagot, Laurence Danlos, Éric Villemonte de La Clergerie, Marie Candito, Lucie Barque, Valérie Hanoka, Marianne Djemaa, Quentin Pradet.

Grammatical formalisms and associated parsing generators are useful only when used together with linguistic resources (lexicons, grammars) so as to build operational parsers, especially when considering modern lexically oriented grammatical formalisms. Hence, linguistic resources are the topic of the following section.

However, wide coverage linguistic resources are scarce and expensive, because they are difficult to build, especially when hand-crafted. This observation motivates us to investigate methods, along to manual development techniques, to automatically or semi-automatically acquire, supplement and correct linguistic resources.

Linguistic expertise remains a very important asset to benefit efficiently from such techniques, including those described below. Moreover, linguistically oriented environments with adequate collaborative interfaces are needed to facilitate the edition, comparison, validation and maintenance of large scale linguistic resources. Just to give some idea of the complexity, a syntactic lexicon, as described below, should provide rich information for several tens of thousands of lemma and several hundreds of thousands of forms.

Successful experiments have been conduced by Alpage members with different languages for the automatic acquisition of morphological knowledge from raw corpora [95] . At the syntactic level, work has been achieved on automatic acquisition of atomic syntactic information and automatic detection of errors in the lexicon [114] ,[6] . At the semantic level, automatic wordnet development tools have been described [85] , [111] , [71] , [70] . All such techniques need of course to be followed by manual validation, so as to ensure high-quality results.

For French, these techniques, and others, have lead some Alpage members to develop one of the main syntactic resources for French, the Lefff [92] , [97] , developed within the Alexina framework. At the semantic level, Alpage members have developed or are developing various syntactico-semantic or semantic resources, including:

• a wordnet for French, the WOLF [94] , [16] , the first freely available resource of the kind;

• a French FrameNet lexicon (together with an annotated corpus) within the ASFALDA ANR project;

• and a French VerbNet.

In the last few years, Alpage members have shown how to benefit from other more linguistically-oriented resources, such as the Lexique-Grammaire and Dicovalence , in order to improve the coverage and quality of the Lefff , the WOLF, the French FrameNet lexicon and the French VerbNet. This work is a good example of how Inria and Paris 7 members of Alpage fruitful collaborate: this collaboration between NLP computer scientists and NLP linguists have resulted in significant advances which would have not been possible otherwise.

Moreover, an increasing effort has been made towards multilingual aspects. In particular, Alexina lexicons exist for German, Slovak, Polish, English, Spanish, Persian, Latin (verbs only), Kurmanji Kurdish, Maltese (verbs only, restricted to the so-called first binyan) and Khaling, not including freely-available lexicons adapted to the Alexina framework.